Types of Air Pollutants

Bacteria and dust mites

As long as there is moisture and organic matter, it is extremely easy for bacteria, viruses, molds and other microorganisms to proliferate, such as on glass surfaces, inside household appliances, in cracks in walls, on wood panels, and even on the plugs of the premium gasoline cartridges of jet planes. Dust mites, on the other hand, like to be moist and warm and grow mainly on dust, mattresses, pillows, sofas and chairs, clothes, food, etc. Both live and dead mites, and even their molted skin or excrement, are antigenic and can cause asthma or hives.

Formaldehyde

Chemical formula CH2O, English name Formalin, a gas with strong irritating odor, gaseous at room temperature, high toxicity, is a recognized source of perverted toxic reaction, identified by the World Health Organization as a class I carcinogen (i.e., carcinogenic to humans and animals), is also a potential strong mutagen, in China’s priority control list of toxic chemicals in the second place (the first is dioxin). However, the widespread use of formaldehyde in industry has made it a major pollutant affecting human health indoors, especially in the air. Formaldehyde mainly comes from interior decoration and decorative materials. Wooden man-made panels such as adhesives, plywood, joinery, MDF and particle board used for interior decoration. Research by Yokohama National University in Japan shows that the release period of formaldehyde in man-made panels is generally 3-15 years. In addition, wallpaper, chemical fiber carpets, plastic floor tiles, foam, paints, lacquers and thinners also contain a certain amount of formaldehyde.

PM2.5

PM2.5 is not 2.5 pm, is the abbreviation of Particulate matter, refers to the air less than or equal to 2.5 microns in diameter particles (1 mm = 1000 microns), it PM2.5 particles get attention because they are small enough to directly enter the lungs and even blood, and because they can be a carrier of bacterial and viral parasites, and therefore can have serious harm.

Benzene

Benzenes are found in large quantities in organic solvents used in various building materials, such as additives to paints and coatings, thinners, and some waterproofing materials. Poor quality furniture can also release VOCs such as benzene. Wallpaper, floor leather, plywood and paint are one of the major sources of aromatic hydrocarbon compound pollution in indoor air. Inhalation of high concentrations of benzene vapor in a short period of time can cause acute benzene poisoning with central nervous system depression as the main cause, with dizziness, headache, nausea, chest tightness, weakness, and blurred consciousness in mild cases: in severe cases, coma or even respiratory and circulatory failure and death. Long-term exposure to low concentrations of benzene can cause chronic poisoning, dizziness, insomnia, mental depression, memory loss and other neurological disorders, but also manifested as skin, eye and upper respiratory tract irritation, platelet, white blood cell reduction, severe cases can make the bone marrow hematopoietic dysfunction, reproductive function also has a certain impact. Benzene is a serious carcinogen.

Indoor radon

In the report of the United Nations Scientific Committee on Atomic Radiation Effects in 1982, it is pointed out that construction materials are the most important source of indoor radon. Such as granite, brick sand, cement and gypsum, especially natural stone containing radioactive elements, are easy to release radon. Various kinds of stone have different radioactivity due to their origin, geological structure and generation age. The State Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision has conducted supervision and sampling inspection on natural stones in the market. Radon has been confirmed as a human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Among the factors leading to lung cancer, radon is listed as the second factor after smoking. Electromagnetic radiation can affect human nerves, reproduction, cardiovascular, immune system and eyes. Natural stone also has certain radioactivity, its radioactivity is mainly the radioactive material produced by radium, thorium and potassium three radioactive elements in decay, its harmful effects are in vivo radiation and in vitro radiation.

Volatiles

Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) indoors mainly come from paints, water-based paints, adhesives, cosmetics, detergents, artificial boards, wallpapers, carpets, etc. TVOCs have been found in thousands of species, divided into eight categories: alkanes, aromatics, alkenes, haloalkenes, esters, aldehydes, ketones and others.

Asbestos

Asbestos itself is not toxic, its greatest harm comes from its fiber. This is a very small, almost invisible to the naked eye fibers. When these tiny fibers are inhaled, they can attach to and deposit in the lungs, causing lung diseases such as asbestosis and interdermal tumors of the pleura and peritoneum; these lung diseases often have a long latent period. Therefore, asbestos has been identified as a carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer.

Ammonia

Ammonia mainly comes from concrete admixtures used in building construction: especially during winter construction, concrete antifreeze with urea and ammonia as the main ingredients is added to the concrete walls. These admixtures containing large amounts of ammonia substances are reduced to ammonia in the walls with changes in temperature and humidity and other environmental factors and are slowly released from the walls, causing a large increase in the concentration of ammonia in indoor air. In addition, ammonia in indoor air can also come from additives and whitening agents in interior decoration materials. However, the release period of this pollution is relatively fast, and does not accumulate in the air for a long time in large quantities, which is less harmful to humans. Ammonia is a colorless gas with a strong irritating odor. It is an alkaline substance that corrodes and irritates the tissues it comes in contact with. Ammonia can absorb water from tissues, denature tissue proteins, and saponify tissue fat, destroy cell membrane structure, and weaken the body’s resistance to disease. Prolonged exposure to low concentrations of ammonia can cause hoarseness of the throat and voice in the lighter cases, and laryngeal edema, laryngeal spasm, and even respiratory distress, pulmonary edema, coma and shock in the heavier cases. In addition to the corrosive effect when the concentration is too high, it can also cause cardiac arrest and respiratory arrest through the reflex action of the trigeminal nerve endings.

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